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PMBOK®第六版最新考试趋势十大特征

动态资讯 · 12/04/2022 · 148 评论

2018年6月23日，中国大陆地区迎来了针对PMBOK第六版的第一次考试，虽然其他国家和地区已经提早就开启了第六版的机考模式，但是大陆地区的第一次考试时间，无疑是一个重要的里程碑。

结合笔者在对PMBOK研究、教学，以及对考过试的同学的调查访问，PMBOK第六版的考试题型和趋势还是非常明显的，主要总结以下10点，供大家一起探讨。

一：情景题更接地气

虽然PMP考试中继续保留了大量的“你应该怎么做”的问法，但是情景的描述上显然突出了“故事性”，即通过场景的描述，把一个项目环境展现在考生面前，让考生身临其境的体会项目中的场景。这种题型把实际在项目中可能碰到的做法拿来考核，而不仅仅通过PMBOK上描述的那样。比如6月23日考试中提到的“交钥匙”，“交钥匙”是典型的工业或商业施工项目中的做法。在PMBOK第六版476页采购策略“交付方法”中有提到（一笔带过），虽然在工程领域多见，但是考题中并不会涉及太深奥的工程领域知识，这类考题具有专业领域的通用性，并不影响、也不妨碍其他行业或领域的考生答题。

另一个普遍的情况是，情景描述内容很多，阅读量非常大，进一步体现了PMP考试的“故事性”，这种“故事性”的题型，考生需要注意两点：（1）情景描述的是哪个过程和哪个领域的知识。（2）最后一句的提问是什么，基于哪种考虑。这两个点要能够识别出来，在选项中需要找到非常准确的“你应该怎么做”的那一个答案，而这个“你”，一般默认指的就是项目经理，除非有特别说明。

二：拥抱变化，更拥抱未来

变更和风险每次都是重点，但这次考试中部分试卷（PMP试卷有ABCDEF不同卷，也并非打乱顺序，而是可能彼此完全不同）并没有直接考核太多与之有关的内容。这并不是说不重要了，其重要性仍然很突出，只是考法越来越“前卫”。组织是一个系统，系统是动态的，组织所驱动的一系列事件（项目或运营）都会随着动态的影响而发生变化，所以变化是非常正常且符合自然规律的，变更题的考法也将以非常自然的手法融入到考题中，甚至于你可能无法直接发现这就是在考变更。

新版本的考试仍然保留大量的变更考题，但是更加体现了拥抱未来的思维模式，这种模式是在不断变化中寻求突破，以达到未来目的。在PMBOK第六版中，知识领域开篇统一有一个“发展趋势和新兴实践”，PMI在探索未来，而不只是当前，这个价值导向非常厉害。考生应该关注拥抱变化的同时，拥抱未来。

三：强调交付，更强调共赢

项目的最终目标是交付成果，让接收成果的人签字验收并满意。这个描述很通俗易懂。这可能并非PMP考试的要点。新版本考试中透析了一个信号，在一些情景描述题中，问法是这样的： “这种情况下应该告知谁”，或者“应该向谁说明”等问题，这是在项目管理过程中经常要开展的工作。相关方在整个过程中的参与，并非最终让他们“满意”这么简单，而是另一个非常重要，之前也很少提到的词：“互利共赢”。

“互利共赢”的思路比“满意”更广泛、且更加强调了价值的凸显。即与相关方一起创造价值，而不仅仅是自己创造价值，或者自己输出价值。这个思路非常符合组织合作的理念，单纯的创造价值或者输出价值，并不能代表接收者也能从中获得价值。所以互利共赢，共创未来是PMP考试中的另一个信号。

四：人际关系与团队技能、裁剪

PMBOK第六版共计49个单个过程，几乎大量的过程都应用到了“人际关系与团队技能”这个工具与技术。另外，每个知识领域开篇都有“裁剪”一说。这两个看似无关的行为，传递的信息却是庞大的。项目管理是一个灵活的行为，项目经理和团队单靠自身很难实现目标（至少是艰难的），所以项目经理就需要充分发挥与他人共事的能力，这种能力不是某个专业技能（虽然专家判断的技能对项目经理至关重要），而是沟通、协作、问题解决、情商等一系列“软技能”的体现。虽然过去也谈“软技能”，但是能够在每个过程都体现，也是PMBOK第六版的重点。

如果说 “人际关系与团队技能”体现了项目经理和团队成员与他人协作的灵活性，那么“裁剪”就非常明显的体现了“使用项目管理知识体系”的灵活性。PMBOK涵盖的项目管理知识非常多，具有全球层面的广度和共识，涵盖了大多数行业与领域的项目管理最佳实践。但是这不代表我们就按照PMBOK的一系列做法来嵌套。PMBOK是一根柳树条，高手拿着它，就是一把无坚不摧的宝剑，平凡者拿到它，也会从中找到 “烧火做饭”的价值。正如PMBOK所说，每个项目都是独特的，灵活的去应对项目，学会裁剪是很重要的。

五：从干系人到相关方的演化

PMBOK第六版第一次笔试中，同时出现了干系人和相关方两种翻译。我们可以从中解读出两个信号：（1）有序过渡，逐步适应，让考生从干系人过渡到相关方；（2）出题问题，缺乏审核，不够严谨。任何考试都非100%完美，第2种可能并非不存在。但是这并不影响考生对“Stakeholder”这个词的认识，我们已经在教学中对这个词可能的翻译做了N多次说明。

一位考生反应，在其答疑的一套试卷中，相关方竟然考核了差不多25道题左右，这种对相关方的考法事实上还是比较少见，大多数情况都是将相关方融入到其他知识领域来问。不难看出，PMP考试的另一个信号，那就是“人”的因素将是主要的，也是必须要深入思考的。

六：对旧版本知识保留的看法

本次新考题中还出现了在PMBOK第六版没有（但在PMBOK第五版有）的内容，比如帕累托图，帕累托图在整个PMBOK第六版荡然无存，但是这个方法却是一个跨越项目管理领域的工具，其成熟性已经得到验证，诸如此类词语被去除的原因大概包括三类：（1）已经成熟，大家都知道，没必要再继续保留至PMBOK中；（2）也可以用另一种工具与技术来表现（比如直方图，虽然两者有本质区别。再比如关键链的取消，用储备进行解析的做法）；（3）版本交叠的产物，即这个版本没有，下个版本再来。

比如“情商”，“领导力”，这些本来就常见的内容，在PMBOK第六版被强化了。这是基于特定环境与趋势的诉求，而不是基于新概念的导入。这种对传统知识内容的引入，体现了PMBOK所提到的管理理念符合大多数管理场景的说法。

七：PMBOK知识的纵横扩展

PMBOK第六版第一章引论中提到“商业文件”，这个词在第五版是没有出现过的，既然出现在PMBOK中，那就必然是项目经理应该关注的内容。而这份文件是发起人或高级管理层制定并维护的一份文件，是完全站在组织战略角度给予的“为什么要做这个项目”，以及“通过这个项目可以带来的效益”的文件。这是对项目经理视角的前延，属于纵向扩展（业务层面的纵向，不是知识层面的纵向）。

在PMBOK第三章中，项目经理角色作为独立的一章，强调了项目经理能力的横向扩展，包括行业、专业等领域的汲取，不求精，但要对跨行业有所了解，项目是一个融合了多种领域知识于一体的集合体。而项目经理就是那个乐队指挥家，从管理协调的角度看待整体。

八：敏捷项目管理的引入

适应型（敏捷）是PMBOK第六版加入的内容，几乎没有什么深度，我认为这是一个过渡的体现，不排除下一个版本有更深更多的内容加入进来（但也不会太多，因为PMI-ACP是专门的敏捷认证），6月份第一次考试中出现的敏捷试题也很接地气，比如考核了在组织中如果出现预测型和适应型有冲突时如何处理，以及敏捷项目经理职权方面的考核，以及敏捷中有关会议的考核，这些内容不深，都是敏捷项目管理中常见的一些知识点，在PMP教学中已经有完整的涉及，所以考生完全不用担心敏捷这一块内容。

项目管理知识体系涵盖了预测、适应、迭代、增量、混合等各种开发方法，引入敏捷的内容主要强调了“拥抱变化”的思维。适应型项目管理对变更（我习惯于把这个称之为“革命”）是谨慎的，甚至于是反对的，但凡涉及到“革命”，总归是要流血流泪的，这是很多人不愿意面对的事情。而适应型做法更像是“改革开放”，随时拥抱变化，随时寻求价值的突破。

九：从组织层面看问题的权重

由于PMBOK第六版引入“商业文件”，从价值导向上提升到了组织层面对项目的认知。商业文件中包括两个重要内容：（1）商业论证；（2）效益管理计划。这两份文件的聚焦点是不同的，商业论证是项目启动的主要依据，是战略层（或者PMO、项目组合/项目集层）文档化的经济可行性研究报告，是对所选开展项目的收益进行有效性论证的文件，它里面包括了组织需要解决的问题或需要抓住的机会的阐述（The PMI Guide to Business Analysis）。而效益管理计划是对创造、提高和保持项目效益的过程进行定义的书面文件。

需要注意的是，商业文件在49个单个过程中的某些过程作为输入时（如结束项目或阶段、收集需求、制定预算等），也是有区别的，比如制定项目章程的输入只选择了商业文件中的商业论证，而没有使用效益管理计划（现有印刷和电子版有误，PMI已经在网站进行公告），收集需求也采用了商业论证，而没有效益管理计划，等，这些都是有道理的。比如制定项目章程，在PMBOK30页（如下图），也明确的说明了制定项目章程的输入中，商业文件只包括“商业论证”，这与PMI官方发布的修改内容是一致的。（另外，作者认为，此处“需求评估”的翻译，更应该是“需要评估”，PMI英文版是“Needs Assessment”， 需求应该是“requirements”，这样就和PMI发布的《The PMI Guide to Business Analysis》保持一致，Needs和Requirements是不同的）

十：那些抹不去的“软肋”

PMP考试是英（主）中（次）文对照，即便是英文，有些场景的描述也是“短平快”，中文翻译就显得格外费劲。有些题让考生绞尽脑汁，碰到这种情况，考生不放快速瞄一眼英文，或许能够马上“豁然开朗”，当然不能花费太多时间在中英文之间切换，4个小时的考试，并不像想象中的那么容易。在模拟期间，虽然压缩了模拟时间，但是正式考试过程还是不一样，这主要是：陌生的考试环境、复杂的考试心里、紧张的情绪、不同考点的条件、试题本身的陌生感等，都会给考生带来影响，这个影响必然会体现在答题时间上，所以要特别注意时间。

另外一个问题是，近几年计算题的考核非常少，2-3道，甚至1道也有可能。所以考生在计算题的精力投入上可以学会控制。虽然计算能力对于中国考生而言是件容易的事，但是我们不能花太多时间在这方面寻找优越感。

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